Chapter 11 Comparative methods

11.1 Correlated evolutionary changes

PGLS (Symonds and Blomberg 2014).

##      [,1] [,2]
## [1,]    1    0
## [2,]    0    1

##      [,1] [,2]
## [1,]  1.0  0.5
## [2,]  0.5  1.0

##      [,1] [,2]
## [1,]    1    1
## [2,]    1    1

11.2 Inferring covariance in the absence of phylogenetic structure

11.3 Phylogenetic Independent Contrasts

11.4 Phylogenetic structure is the expected covariance structure

References

Symonds, Matthew RE, and Simon P Blomberg. 2014. “A Primer on Phylogenetic Generalised Least Squares.” In Modern Phylogenetic Comparative Methods and Their Application in Evolutionary Biology, 105–30. Springer.